Phaeochromocytoma
A phaeochromocytoma is a rare tumour of the adrenal glands, which sit above the kidneys. The tumour is mainly found in adults, although children can sometimes develop one. It will usually be non-cancerous although around one in 10 are cancerous. It's usually possible to successfully remove a phaeochromocytoma using surgery.
How the tumour affects the adrenal glands
The adrenal glands make the "fight or flight" hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.
These hormones are released into the bloodstream when needed.
The hormones control:
- heart rate
- blood pressure
- metabolism (the chemical processes that keep your organs working)
A phaeochromocytoma can cause the adrenal glands to produce too much of these hormones, which often results in problems, such as:
Symptoms of a phaeochromocytoma
The symptoms of a phaeochromocytoma tend to be unpredictable, often occurring in sudden attacks, lasting from a few minutes to an hour.
The attacks may last longer, and become more frequent and severe, as the tumour grows.
The symptoms and signs of a phaeochromocytoma can include:
- headaches
- heavy sweating
- a rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
- high blood pressure (hypertension)
- a pale face (your face may look grey)
- feeling or being sick
- feeling anxious or panicky
- shakiness (tremor)
Some people with a phaeochromocytoma don't have symptoms.
Their condition is either never diagnosed, or only discovered during tests for another problem.
Others have symptoms for many years before a phaeochromocytoma is diagnosed.
Causes of a phaeochromocytoma
Many phaeochromocytomas occur for no obvious reason and don't run in the family.
Up to one in every three phaeochromocytomas occurs as part of an inherited genetic disorder, such as:
- multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN)
- von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome
- neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
These genetic disorders cause different tumours or growths to develop around the body.
If you're suspected of having a phaeochromocytoma, your doctor will refer you to a specialist.
A hospital specialist will, depending on your symptoms, decide if it is necessary to investigate to see if you might have these conditions.
Diagnosing a phaeochromocytoma
Diagnosing a phaeochromocytoma can be difficult. This is because the symptoms are quite general and could be caused by many other more common conditions.
An adrenal gland tumour is sometimes discovered during a scan for another reason. In this case, you'd have further tests to find out more about the tumour, which may include:
Cancer Research UK has more information about the tests and scans that are used to help diagnose a phaeochromocytoma:
Treating a phaeochromocytoma
Most people with a phaeochromocytoma will need surgery to have it removed.
You'll usually be given medication for several weeks before the operation, to block the effects of the excess hormones on your body and stabilise your heart rate and blood pressure.
Your doctor will discuss the best type of operation for you and explain the procedure in detail, including the risks. They'll also answer any questions you have.
If your phaeochromocytoma is cancerous, you may need chemotherapy or radiotherapy as well as surgery.
If your tumour can't be removed, you'll need medication to manage your condition. This will usually be a combination of medicines to control the effects of the excessive hormones.
Outlook
Left untreated, phaeochromocytomas can cause severe problems and significantly affect your quality of life.
You'll be at risk of:
- an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
- heart attacks
- strokes
- organ failure
Most tumours can be successfully removed by surgery and this will usually mean most of the symptoms disappear.
For a few people, the tumour may come back.
You'll therefore need regular check-ups following surgery so that, if it does return, it can be picked up and treated as soon as possible.
Contact your GP immediately if your symptoms come back.
The Cancer Research UK website has more information about phaeochromocytomas.
More useful links
The information on this page has been adapted from original content from the NHS website.
For further information see terms and conditions.